Bodies that rule on advertising, health, green and fact-check claims

• Advertising Standards Authority (ASA)

  Jurisdiction

  United Kingdom

  Claims it rules on

  Non-broadcast adverts under the CAP Code, including objective claims that need documentary evidence ¹

  Sanctions available

  Ad Alerts to media owners, loss of trading privileges, poster pre-vetting, paid-search ads naming the advertiser, referral to Trading Standards. No fines ³

  Published rulings

  Published every Wednesday as Upheld, Upheld in part or Not upheld ². 22,383 ads amended or removed in 2025 ⁴

• Ofcom

  Jurisdiction

  United Kingdom

  Claims it rules on

  Broadcasters referred by the ASA ³

  Sanctions available

  Can impose fines and withdraw a licence to broadcast ³

• Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)

  Jurisdiction

  United Kingdom

  Claims it rules on

  Consumer protection law, including environmental claims under its Green Claims Code ⁵

  Sanctions available

  Since April 2025 can decide infringements itself and fine up to 10% of global turnover ⁶. Can seek redress for consumers ⁵

• Trading Standards Services

  Jurisdiction

  United Kingdom

  Claims it rules on

  Consumer protection law, including misleading environmental claims ⁵

  Sanctions available

  Can bring court proceedings ⁵. Receives referrals from the ASA ³

• Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

  Jurisdiction

  United States

  Claims it rules on

  Objective advertising claims, which need a reasonable basis before they run ⁷. Environmental claims under the Green Guides ⁸

  Sanctions available

  Treats lack of a reasonable basis as an unfair and deceptive act or practice under Section 5 of the FTC Act ⁷

• Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)

  Jurisdiction

  Australia

  Claims it rules on

  False or misleading claims, including claims about the future ⁹. Environmental and sustainability claims ¹⁰

  Sanctions available

  Says there can be penalties for businesses that mislead consumers ⁹

• Standards Council and le Conseil des normes (Ad Standards)

  Jurisdiction

  Canada

  Claims it rules on

  Public complaints under the Canadian Code of Advertising Standards ¹¹

  Published rulings

  Councils of senior industry and public representatives adjudicate complaints ¹¹

• Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI)

  Jurisdiction

  India

  Claims it rules on

  Adverts under the ASCI Code. Can call on advertisers to produce substantiation ¹²

• National consumer authorities of EU member states

  Jurisdiction

  European Union

  Claims it rules on

  Unfair commercial practices, including new bans on unproven generic environmental claims, applying from 27 September 2026 ¹³

• European Commission with member states

  Jurisdiction

  European Union

  Claims it rules on

  Authorisation of health claims on food ¹⁴

  Published rulings

  Public register of permitted nutrition claims and authorised and non-authorised health claims ¹⁵

• European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

  Jurisdiction

  European Union

  Claims it rules on

  Scientific substantiation of submitted health claims ¹⁴

  Published rulings

  Publishes scientific opinions, within five months for Article 13(5) and Article 14 claims ¹⁴

• IFCN Advisory Board

  Jurisdiction

  Global

  Claims it rules on

  Whether fact-checking organisations meet the IFCN Code of Principles ¹⁶

  Sanctions available

  Approval or rejection of applications. Rejected applicants may reapply after six months ¹⁶

  Published rulings

  Annual renewal assessments, every other year after five successful ones ¹⁶

• EFCSN Governance Body

  Jurisdiction

  Europe

  Claims it rules on

  Whether fact-checkers meet the European Code of Standards ¹⁷

  Sanctions available

  From a private reprimand to withdrawal of membership with a ban of three to five years ¹⁷

  Published rulings

  Membership decided by a two-thirds majority. Outcomes are Approval, Pending decision or Rejection ¹⁷

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